Dehradun History

History

Early history and the connection to Vedic Period

The great stupa at Og Min, Ogyen Mindroling Monastery in Dehra Dun
The earliest tangible evidence of the history of Dehradun dates back to 300 BC, as indicated by a rock inscription at Kalsi, discovered in 1860. This inscriptions located at the northern outskirts of the city are attributed to King Ashoka. In the inscription, there are 14 edicts carved on a rock and adjacent to these is the site where Raja Shilvarma of the Vrisheri dynasty made three horse sacrifices during his rule in the 3rd century BC. At the site, large inscribed bricks are arranged to form the shape of a bird with a fire altar in the middle.
It is also believed that in Vedic times, the Garhwal Mandal, of which Dehradun is a part, was known as the Kedar Khand. Legend has it that Guru Dronacharaya, a Brahmin teacher of the Kauravas and Pandavas in Mahabharat , set up his ashram or 'dera' here. Eventually, the Dron Ashram came to be known as Dehradun. Therefore, it is also referred to as Dronpuri in history. According to the Ramayana, Lord Rama and his brother Lakshmana undertook a penance in Dehradun for killing Ravana, the demon king of Lanka.[citation needed]

Katyuris of Garhwal
There is no evidence of any kind for quite a long period after that, and the next prominent rulers of the valley were the Katyuris of Garhwal. Next, this stronghold of the Katyuri dynasty, passed into the hands of the Sikhs and Mughals and later, the Gorkhas of Nepal ruled here for a long time, until the British took control of the region. For many centuries the region formed part of the Garhwal Kingdom with some interruption from the Rohillas of the adjoining plains of Rohilkhand.

Gorkhas and British Period
For about two decades till 1815 it was under the occupation of Nepal. In April 1815 Gorkhas were ousted from Garhwal region and Garhwal was annexed by the British. In that year the area now comprising the tehsil of Dehra Dun was added to the district Saharanpur. In 1825, however, it was transferred to the Kumaon Division. In 1828, Dehra Dun and Jaunsar Bhabar were placed under the charge of a separate Deputy Commissioner and in 1829, the Dehra Dun district was transferred from the Kumaon Division to the Meerut Division. In 1842, Dun was attached to Saharanpur district and placed under an officer subordinate to the Collector of the district, but since 1871 it has been administered as separate district. In 1968 the district was taken out from the Meerut Division and included in the Garhwal Division.
Following a war between the Nepal and the British, the Treaty of Sugauli was signed in 1816 that established the current boundaries of Nepal. Garhwal and Kumaon regions, including Dehradun were ceded to the British. While territories west of the Alaknanda were returned to the Garhwal Raja now established at Tehri, Eastern Garhwal (later British Garhwal) and Dehradun were retained under direct British control.
During British rule, Dehradun used to be the summer base for the Viceroy's bodyguards. The British established: The Forest Research Institute in 1906; The Royal Indian Military College (Rashtriya Indian Military College) in 1922; and The Indian Military Academy in 1932. Dehradun also has a large number of distinguished people living in it.

World War II
During World War II, its facilities included an internment camp for Axis nationals. (Heinrich Harrer's escape from it launched his experiences in Tibet.)

Ram Raiyye Sikh Pilgrimage
According to the local legend, Dehra or 'camp' refers to Ram Rai, son of Guru Har Rai, the 7th Guru of the Sikhs. Ram Rai founded a Dera here in the old city close to the railway station, which is a pilgrimage centre for the "Ram Raiyye" Sikhs. Dehradun is also an important city for the Sikhs as one of the son of a Guru had taken refuge in Dehradun in the seventeenth century. At that time, the Sikhs had doubted the credentials of Shri Ram Rai and drove him out so that he had to set up his camp or dera in the city. Today, the city has the Ram Rai Durbar, a Dera named after him.
Dehradun is known as the gateway to the majestic Himalayas. The mountain range lies to the north of the city while the sacred Ganga and Yamuna rivers encircle it from the east and west. Ganga enters Dehradun from the east at Tapovan and flows south-west to reach Haridwar via Raiwala and Rishikesh. Yamuna flows from the west down towards the south. The other rivers of the area are Asan, Tons, Bindal and Rispana.

Demographics
As of 2001 India census,[1] Dehradun had a population of 447,808. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Dehradun has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81% and, female literacy is 72%. In Dehradun, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. The population has a diverse background and comprises Garwali, Punjabi, Kumauni, Western UP and Anglo-Indian communitites.

Climate
Dehradun has typical weather of a north Indian city: cold winters, hot summer, rainy monsoon season and a balmy spring. The winter ranges from November to February is cold, temperature touching freezing occasionally. The months of December and January are the coldest due to winter rains, coinciding with snow-fall in the nearby mountains ranges. Overall the winters are dry. The spring, lasting from March to April, are very pleasant. Almost overnight, with almost no warning, sometime in April spring leads to onset of summer months. Summer last from April-May to July, with fairly high temperatures (sometimes even higher than 40 °C). Monsoon months, ranging from July-September, are a welcome change after the hot summer as they bring the monsoon rains from Arabian Sea (south-west of Indian subcontinent). The monsoon months are extremely humid specially July and early August. A brief autumn, between September and October, leads to winter months. There are no special changes in the autumn season except for mild weather.
Most residents have noticed a change in the weather patterns in the last 2 decades, with the growth of city. As one resident narrates "The city had a wonderful climate till a few decades ago. In summer months, rain was common in the evenings, leading to cooling. Incessant tree logging has severely damaged the local ecosystem, that may be linked to change in the weather patterns and as a result summer have become hotter. Till few years ago, houses in Dehradun did not even need ceiling fans but the need for air-conditioners is felt to keep cool during summer months.". Warmer climate has become a severe issue for Dehradun and its wildlife population. Species found specifically in that region have now become in danger of being extinct; it has already suffered the loss of one of its more exotic species. The Salari cobra population, inhabiting the northern region of Dehradun, has been decreased considerably leading to concerns about extinction.

Government institutes and companies
The city is the headquarters/home of many government institutes and organizations:
Survey of India
Forest Research Institute (FRI)- estd 1906
Rashtriya Indian Military College , (RIMC)- estd 1922
Indian Military Academy IMA , estd 1932
Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE)
Wildlife Institute of India
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
Zoological Survey of India
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology
National Institute for the Visually Handicapped (NIVH)
Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP)
Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory (DEAL)
Instrument Research and Development Establishment (IRDE)
Keshava Deva Malviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration
Botanical Survey Of India
Central Soil and Water Conservation Research & Training Institute
Opto Electronics Factory (OLF) & Ordnance Factory (OFD)
NIIT National Institute of Information Techonlogies

Education
Dehradun has several Catholic missions with religious affiliations through establishment of high-schools. Some of high-schools are almost 100 years old but the population of Dehradun still has a very few Catholics. The region has The Doon School and Welham Girls' School, which are considered to be the best schools in India. Neighbouring Musoorie has the residential Woodstock School and St George's Academy , which has added to the location being seen as a hub for quality schools in North India. The city is well known for education standards in schools and is home to over 300 high schools including, which include:
Army School (located in Indian Military Academy)
Guru Nanak Academy.
Brightlands School
Brooklyn School
Cambrian Hall
Carman Residential and Day School (Carman School)
Children's Academy
Colonel Brown Cambridge School
Convent of Jesus and Mary High School
DAV Public School
Doon Blossoms
Doon Cambridge
The Doon School
Hillgrange Prepatory School
Karuna Vihar, a school for children with special needs [lrmf.org]
Kendriya Vidyalaya IMA
Kendriya Vidyalaya OFD
Kendriya Vidyalaya ONGC
Kendriya Vidyalaya New Forest
Kendriya Vidyalaya Hbk
Marshalls School
Hope Town Girls' School
High-Ka-Shain High School now known as The Heritage School built in 1953
Phool Chand Nari Shilp Girls Inter College
Raja Rammohan Roy Academy (now known as Cambridge School)
Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC)
Riverdale High School
St. Thomas' College
Scholars Home
Sunrise Academy, Raipur Road, Dehra Dun
St. Mary's Convent School Alumni
Shri Guru Ram Rai Public School
St. Joseph's Academy St. Joseph's Academy Alumini Blog
Welham Boys' School
Welham Girls' School
The Army Public School
Neshville Day School, Neshville Road, Dehradun
There are also several colleges (some affiliated with the Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garwhal University):
DAV
Dayanand Brijendra Swaroop (DBS) Postgraduate College
Dayanand Women's Training (DWT) Postgraduate College
Graphic Era Institute of Technology, Dehradun
Dehradun Institute of Technology, Dehradun
Narayan Swami Hospital and Dental College, Dehradun
Sri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology & Science, Dehradun
University of Petroleum for Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun
Mahadevi Kanya Pathshala or MKP.

Culture
The posh city of Dehradun is bustling. It is the state capital and is also the home of many government institutions. The center of city's activities is the popular landmark known as the Clock-Tower (Ghanta-ghar), which is a tall structures with 6 non-functioning clocks; many efforts in the last 20 years to revive the clocks have been unsuccessful. The numerous high schools of the city attract students from all over the country. During the day it is common to see students (dressed in various high-school uniforms) to be moving around the city. Even though city transportation is now taken care of by blue striped city buses crisscrossing the city, another popular site are the omnipresent blue three wheel vehicles (known as "Vikrams"). These vehicles provide the most common and cheapest form of public transport, however, these vehicles have also been cited as the chief cause of increased levels of noise and air pollution in the city.

Economy
The city has witnessed tremendous growth in the last 20 years. Because of its educational background and high international remittances, Dehradun enjoys a high per capita income, which in dollar terms hovers close to $1800 (national average $800). The city's transition into a large urban cetre has been nothing less than phenomenal. Dehradun is in a middle of a commercial boom which is amplified by the establishment of various SEZ (special economic zones)through out the city. Right from IT parks to specifically built industrial belts have proved to be a haven for industrialists of national and international repute. Combined with excise benefits companies are finding prospective establishment in the city (like other parts of Uttranchal) very attractive. With the construction of Delhi-Dehradun four lane highway now on full swing, the primary bottle neck endangering the city's growth (the Delhi-Dehradun two lane highway) has been solved. More economic development is expected at a much wider scale.

Tourism
Nearby locations are
Malsi Deer Park,
Dat Wali Mata Mandir
Sahastradhara,
Tapkeshwar Shiv Temple,
Laxman Sidh Temple,
Robber's Cave,
Lachhiwala,
Santhla Devi etc. surround this beautiful city, Nearby locations are the hill stations of Mussoorie Landour just 36 km away. There is a 16 km (easy) trekking route from Dehradun to Mussoorie. Dhanaulti is a lovely hill station beyond Mussoorie Chakrata is another nearby hill station, but it is a good 80 km away. Paonta Sahib is a pilgrimage place for Sikhs with a historic Gurudwara on the banks of the Yamuna. Other nearby religious places are Haridwar and Rishikesh.

Photos

Dehradun, India

Dehradun Night View from Midway Mussorie.